Urology

Hydration and Medication: Small stones can often be passed by drinking plenty of water and taking pain relievers. Medications like alpha-blockers can help relax the muscles in your ureter to allow the stone to pass more easily. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): This procedure uses sound waves to break up stones into smaller pieces that can be passed in the urine. Ureteroscopy: A small scope is inserted into the urethra and bladder to remove or break up the stone. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: This surgical procedure involves removing a kidney stone through a small incision in the back.

Medications: Alpha-blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors can help shrink the prostate or relax the muscles near it to ease symptoms. Minimally Invasive Procedures: Techniques like transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) or transurethral needle ablation (TUNA) use heat to reduce excess prostate tissue. Surgery: Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a common surgical procedure to remove part of the prostate.

Behavioral Techniques: Bladder training, scheduled bathroom trips, and fluid and diet management. Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises: Strengthening the muscles that control urination can improve symptoms. Medications: Drugs can help control bladder spasms or relax the bladder muscle. Medical Devices: Devices like urethral inserts or pessaries can help women control incontinence. Surgery: Procedures like sling surgery, bladder neck suspension, or the implantation of artificial sphincters can help.

Medications: Oral medications like sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), and vardenafil (Levitra) can help. Therapy: Psychological counseling can help if the ED has psychological causes. Devices: Vacuum erection devices can draw blood into the penis to induce an erection. Surgery: Penile implants or vascular surgery may be options in severe cases.

Surgery: Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), partial or radical cystectomy. Intravesical Therapy: BCG or chemotherapy can be directly instilled into the bladder. Chemotherapy and Radiation: Systemic chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be used for more advanced cancer.